Periodic Reporting for period 1 - ProIce (Biological ice formation - Probing the interplay between ice-nucleating protein structures and interfacial water with ultrafast 2D sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy)

Pure water freezes at temperatures as low as −40°C but in the presence of other materials and substances the freezing temperature is elevated. Ice-active bacteria are microorganisms that can freeze water at temperatures as high as −2°C and are thus the most efficient ice...